Gender Differences in Diabetes and Aging

By Sondra Forsyth

All’s not fair in love and glucose intolerance. Overweight men are more prone to get type 2 diabetes than are overweight women. The same phenomena holds true in mice and no one know why. Researchers at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging in Novato, California provided a possible answer to that question by discovering that a protein involved in nutrient sensing and metabolism gets inhibited in male – but not female – mice fed a high fat diet. In addition to providing a pathway to deal with the gender difference, the findings, published in Cell Reports in August 2016, also show that boosting the protein protects male mice from age-induced obesity and metabolic decline.

A release from the institute quotes Brian Kennedy, PhD, senior author and President and CEO of the Buck Institute, as saying, “We’ve known for a long time that there are differences in aging in men and women and in male and female mice. Nearly every time we develop an intervention that slows aging or impacts healthspan in mice it either works better in males or in females and we speculate as to why that is the case. What we’ve identified here is one potential mechanism that could underlie the differences between males and females.”

The mechanism involves the TOR (target of rapamycin) pathway which is highly conserved among species and is linked to aging; reducing TOR signaling extends lifespan in yeast, worms, flies and mice and perhaps even in humans. In this study researchers found that a component of that pathway, 4E-BP1, is differentially regulated in mice depending on gender. “We think 4E-BP1 is protective, and is involved in insulin sensitivity and the maintenance of fat cells . We found that it was significantly reduced in the skeletal muscle and fat tissue of the overfed male mice,” said Shi-Yin Tsai, PhD, lead scientist and postdoctoral fellow in the Kennedy lab. “Restoring 4E-BP1 protected the males against high-fat induced obesity and insulin resistance, and transgenic 4E-BP1 male mice fed a normal diet were also protected from developing aging-induced obesity and metabolic decline.”

“When we restored 4E-BP1, the male mice became more like the females,” said Kennedy. “They still got obese when they ate a high fat diet, they just didn’t develop as much diabetes. They also accumulated less of the white ‘belly fat’ associated with diabetes and had lower levels of circulating lipids and triglycerides.”

Kennedy said the ultimate goal is to develop therapeutics – for both diabetes and other age-related conditions – that work in people. “Gender is an essential part of the equation,” he said. His lab will be combining genetic studies along with compound screening with an aim of either boosting or stabilizing 4E-BP1.

Kennedy said the study also points out need to include both male and female mice in preclinical research. “We found this phenomena with 4E-BP1 because we were doing the experiments in both male and female mice and we saw the difference,” he said. “Most preclinical work in diabetes is done in male mice because they get the disease quicker which makes the experiments cheaper and faster to do. I understand that reasoning, but we are likely missing crucial information in the process.”

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Other Buck researchers involved in the study include Ariana, A. Rodriguez, Elizabeth Del Greco, Kaili Lia Carr, Joanna M. Sitzmann, Emmeline C. Academia, Christian Michael Viray, Lizbeth Leon Martinez, and Brian Stephen Kaplowitz. Other contributors include Somashish G. Dastidar, Travis D. Ashe and Albert R. La Spada, Department of Pediatrics, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego.

Acknowledgments: The study was supported by NIH grants R01AG033373 and R01AG035336 and R01AG033082 as well as the Ellison Medical Foundation.

The Buck Institute is the U.S.’s first independent research organization devoted to Geroscience – focused on the connection between normal aging and chronic disease. Based in Novato, CA, The Buck is dedicated to extending “Healthspan”, the healthy years of human life and does so utilizing a unique interdisciplinary approach involving laboratories studying the mechanisms of aging and those focused on specific diseases. Buck scientists strive to discover new ways of detecting, preventing and treating age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, cancer, cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration, osteoporosis, diabetes and stroke. In their collaborative research, they are supported by the most recent developments in genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and stem cell technologies. For more information: http://www.thebuck.org