Heart Drug May Raise Risk of Alzheimer's and Macular Degeneration

By Jane Farrell

A drug that can halt the progression of heart failure and reduce cardiovascular-related deaths may have serious side effects, including increased risk of Alzheimer’s and macular degeneration, according to an article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

The drug — a tablet that combines the agents valsartan and sacubitril, sold under the trade name Entresto by the pharmaceutical company Novartis — may be too good to be true, according to Arthur M. Feldman, MD, PhD, Executive Dean of the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (LKSOM), Chief Academic Officer of the Temple University Health System, and Laura H. Carnell Professor of Medicine at LKSOM.

The FDA approved the drug in July 2015.

“Basic science data has caused us to speculate that off-target effects of valsartan/sacubitril may cause an exacerbation of Alzheimer’s disease and could also exacerbate the course of macular degeneration,” Feldman explained. He said that “doctors are prescribing these drugs without knowledge of these theoretical risks.”

Valsartan/sacubitril works by inhibiting an enzyme known as neprilysin, which normally plays a critical role in breaking down a wide array of peptides in cells. Among those substances are the so-called natriuretic peptides, which function in regulating scarring and cell growth in the heart when neprilysin is blocked. Because of those activities, valsartan/sacubitril can delay the progression of heart failure in some patients.

Neprilysin, however, also normally degrades amyloid beta, a peptide that can accumulate in the brain, where it contributes to Alzheimer’s disease, as well as in the eye, where it is implicated in macular degeneration. The balance between the production and clearance of amyloid beta is crucial to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and is suspected to influence the development of macular degeneration. In animal models, blocking neprilysin disturbs that balance and exacerbates the development of Alzheimer’s pathology.

Valsartan/sacubitril was approved for heart failure via the FDA’s fast-track program, in which drugs that promise to fulfill unmet medical needs undergo an accelerated review process, speeding the delivery of novel drugs to the clinic. In the studies that led to the drug’s approval, no adverse events related to dementia were reported. However, according to Feldman and his colleagues, patients were followed for too short a period of time to confidently rule out potential adverse effects on cognitive function or vision, and specific tests were not performed to assess whether early changes in either Alzheimer-specific cognitive function or macular degeneration had occurred.

Moreover, preclinical studies and trials of the drug involved young monkeys and normal human volunteers. In both groups, the blood-brain barrier functions as it should. In heart failure patients, however, the blood-brain barrier frequently is compromised by hypertension and other vascular conditions, allowing drugs to enter the central nervous system.

The FDA has required Novartis to conduct a thorough assessment of the cognitive risks associated with valsartan/sacubitril in a clinical trial in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. However, the data from that study will not be available until 2022.

“My hope is that physicians will be prudent with the use of this new drug,” Feldman said. “The risks are theoretical, but every precaution should be taken to avoid them. The outcomes could be devastating for patients.”